Before C++11,there was no easy way to do things like initialize a std::vector or std::map(or a custom container) to a set of values. You could do so for an old C-style array, but not easily for STL collections. Initializer Lists provide a solution to this problem. Thus, like with the auto keyword, they work to remove a lot of the verbosity that has traditionally attached with using the STL collection classes.
Uniform Initialization expands on the Initializer List syntax, to provide a syntax that allows for fully uniform type initialization that works on any object --removing the distinction between initialization of aggregate + non-aggregate classes, arrays, STL/custom collection classes, and PODs.
To support initializer list in a class (i.e. if creating your own collection), you simply define a constructor that takes a std::initializer_list as its parameter, which can then be used like a collection.
C++11引入了初始化列表来初始化变量和对象。自定义类型,如果想用初始化列表就要包含initializer_list头文件。
C++11将使用大括号的初始化(列表初始化)作为一种通用初始化方式,可用于所有类型。初始化列表不会进行隐式转换。
下面是从其他文章中copy的测试代码,详细内容介绍可以参考对应的reference:
#include "init_list.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <set>
///
// reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/list_initialization
struct Foo {
//std::vector<int> mem = { 1, 2, 3 }; // list-initialization of a non-static member
//std::vector<int> mem2;
//Foo() : mem2{ -1, -2, -3 } {} // list-initialization of a member in constructor
};
std::pair<std::string, std::string> f(std::pair<std::string, std::string> p)
{
return{ p.second, p.first }; // list-initialization in return statement
}
int test_init_list1()
{
int n0{}; // value-initialization (to zero)
int n1{ 1 }; // direct-list-initialization
std::string s1{ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' }; // initializer-list constructor call
std::string s2{ s1, 2, 2 }; // regular constructor call
std::string s3{ 0x61, 'a' }; // initializer-list ctor is preferred to (int, char)
int n2 = { 1 }; // copy-list-initialization
double d = double{ 1.2 }; // list-initialization of a temporary, then copy-init
std::map<int, std::string> m = { // nested list-initialization
{ 1, "a" },
{ 2, { 'a', 'b', 'c' } },
{ 3, s1 }
};
std::cout << f({ "hello", "world" }).first << '\n'; // list-initialization in function call
const int(&ar)[2] = { 1, 2 }; // binds a lvalue reference to a temporary array
int&& r1 = { 1 }; // binds a rvalue reference to a temporary int
// int& r2 = {2}; // error: cannot bind rvalue to a non-const lvalue ref
// int bad{1.0}; // error: narrowing conversion
unsigned char uc1{ 10 }; // okay
// unsigned char uc2{-1}; // error: narrowing conversion
Foo f;
std::cout << n0 << ' ' << n1 << ' ' << n2 << '\n'
<< s1 << ' ' << s2 << ' ' << s3 << '\n';
for (auto p : m)
std::cout << p.first << ' ' << p.second << '\n';
//for (auto n : f.mem)
// std::cout << n << ' ';
//for (auto n : f.mem2)
// std::cout << n << ' ';
return 0;
}
// reference: https://mbevin.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/uniform-initialization/
int test_init_list2()
{
int arr[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
std::vector<int> v{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
std::set<int> s{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
std::map<int, std::string> m{ { 0, "zero" }, { 1, "one" }, { 2, "two" } };
return 0;
}
///
// reference: https://mbevin.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/uniform-initialization/
// 'aggregate' class - no user-declared constructor, no private/protected members, no base, no virtual function
struct ClassA {
int x;
double y;
};
// non-aggregate class
class ClassB {
private:
int x;
double y;
public:
ClassB(int _x, double _y) :x(_x), y(_y) {}
};
std::pair<double, double> multiplyVectors(
std::pair<double, double> v1,
std::pair<double, double> v2) {
return{ v1.first*v2.first, v1.second*v2.second };
}
int test_init_list3()
{
int i{ 3 };
int j{}; // empty braces initialize the object to it's default (0)
std::string s{ "hello" };
ClassA objA1{};
ClassA objA2{ 1, 2.0 };
ClassB objB1{ 1, 2.0 };
ClassA arrOfAs[] = { { 1, 1.0 }, { 2, 2.0 }, { 3, 3.0 } };
// ouch, the theory is that this should work in C++11, however this doesn't compile, at least with clang, comments?
ClassB arrOfBs[] = { { 1, 1.0 }, { 2, 2.0 }, { 3, 3.0 } };
// however, this does work
std::vector<ClassB> vectorOfBs = { { 1, 1.0 }, { 2, 2.0 }, { 3, 3.0 } };
auto result = multiplyVectors({ 1.0, 2.0 }, { 3.0, 4.0 });
return 0;
}
GitHub: https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test